JSD: You’ve been a leading voice in the field of educational change for decades. What do you consider fundamental to successful change? Fullan: The reason I can answer this so clearly is that we’re now going from practice to theory rather than the other way around. The theory is well grounded. The fundamentals of professional learning and change must first include two ideas. One is that everybody is engaged — we call it whole-system reform. It’s all the schools in the district, all the classrooms in the schools, and all the districts in the province or the state. In terms of engagement, professional learning has to include everybody; otherwise, you only get piecemeal change. The other fundamental concerns the substance of the learning — to